Analysis Of Emily Dickinsons The Storm - 1253 Words

Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† is about a woman, Calixta’s, affair with an old friend, Alcee, while her husband and son are stuck in a storm. The storm guides the events of the story. As the storm gets heavier, so does the sexual desire between Calixta and Alcee. As the storm ends, Alcee leaves and Calixta’s husband, Bobinot, and son, Bibi, return home and everything is back to normal. Meanwhile, Alcee writes a later to his wife letting her know he understands if she wants to extend her vacation, which she does want to do. In Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Wild Nights†, the poet displays the image of a stormy night full of passion. The speaker is saying that there will always be a way to love as long as there is a heart waiting. In the beginning of the†¦show more content†¦Her husband is out getting groceries for dinner and thing of her. Meanwhile Calixta gives into her urges, instead of honoring her marriage. In Emily Dickinson’s â €Å"Wild Nights†, the speaker is trying to get to his or her lover, even though the winds are storming at sea. Kate Chopin writes, â€Å"He expressed an intention to remain outside, but it was soon apparent that he might as well have been out in the open: the water beat in upon the boards in driving sheets, and he went inside, closing the door after him† (121). This quote from Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† shows how the storm brings the protagonist, Calixta, close to her lover, Alcee. Not only the storm, but also Calixta and Alcee’s want for each other allowed for the affair to occur. The storm guides them to each other, but they want to be together, which leads to the affair. Meanwhile in â€Å"Wild Nights†, there is a strong wind, but the speaker longs for his or her lover and is determined to arrive to where the heart is. Emily Dickinson writes â€Å"Futile the winds/ To a heart in port.† Both pieces of literature, the protagonist s are caving in for love in the face of a stormy night. Kate Chopin writes â€Å"The rain beat upon the low, shingled roof with a force and clatter that threatened to break an entrance and deluge them there† (121). This quote from â€Å"The Storm†Show MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Criticism on Emily Dickinson Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagestheir mind created such works. When considering the work of Emily Dickinson, psychoanalytic criticism comes into play with the role of explaining the many meanings behind her poetry, as to make the reader relate to such poetry on a deeper level or not to who she was as a human being. Many critics believe that using a psychological criticism approach to understand an author’s literary work leaves common sense behind. For them, such analysis disregards the environment in which an author created theirRead MoreEmily Dickinson Poetry Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Dickinson’s Poetry There is a lot more to poetry than just the words themselves. â€Å"What William Shakespeare called, â€Å"the mind’s eye† also plays a role† (Borus34). What that means is that your experiences and thoughts will add to your understanding. Dickinson had an active mind and a style so unique and unusual with her writing. Something that was very unusual about her writing was that she never put a title to her poems. Just like many poets, she used a wide assortment of literary devices suchRead MoreEmily Dickinson Review and Interpretation of Poems #449, #465, and #7121476 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson Emily Dickinsons poetry mostly reflects her feelings towards death and the projected events after death. As a poet, she was a very inward, and wrote about feelings that came from deeply within her--unlike other poets of her time whose societies were directly shown in their poetry (i.e.-Walt Whitman). Of course social and historical values shaped her personality, but in her poetry alone little can be derived about either the time period she lived in or the political and societalRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Emily 1867 Words   |  8 PagesPoetry is meant to provoke in a thoughtful way. It makes the reader consider what the deeper meaning behind the piece may be. I Heard a Fly Buzz—when I died does all that but it also perplexes the reader, making one wonder what was Emily Dickison writing about in this poem? And what is the reader supposed to take away? It begins with the tone, in the very first sentence, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—, there is a puzzling, almost disbelief on the part of the speaker. They can’t seem to believeRead MoreThe Unknown Citizen By. Auden1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Unknown Citizen Analysis The Unknown Citizen, written by W.H. Auden, is a satirical poem declaring the petty accomplishments achieved by an unnamed citizen in a presumably American or industrialized society. Through several readings of the poem, many would not even consider the Unknown Citizen as a poem, but rather, a letter of recommendation or a speech for a political election. The only obvious characteristic of this piece resembling a poem is the rhyming scheme. Other than rhyming, thereRead MoreDeath Is The Middle Child Of Parents Edward And Emily Norcross Dickinson2470 Words   |  10 PagesEmily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. She was the middle child of parents Edward and Emily Norcross Dickinson. Young Emily Dickinson’s early childhood consisted of attending school, reading books, taking part in church activities, and learning to sing and play the piano. Her formal schooling was phenomenal for girls in the early 19th century, though not unusual for girls in Amherst. After spending some time in Amherst district school, she attended Amherst AcademyRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s I Heard A Fly Buzz When I 929 Words   |  4 Pagest his isn’t a perfect world and the reality is that death could come at any moment, whether one is ready or not. Many people fear death as it means an end to everything they’ve done in their life while others see it as the next stage of theirs. Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-† shows that death is not an end but simply a passage to eternity, while â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death-† shows that eternity isn’t guaranteed but underlined by faith. In both poems Dickinson uses imageryRead MoreDeath Versus Death By Emily Dickinson2596 Words   |  11 PagesMaheen Chranya English HP-E Ratliff Term Paper Rough Draft HP: _____________________ Death versus Death—but the Points go to Dickinson Emily Dickinson was born in a time when not many women involved themselves in poetry or any form of intellectual capability. Nonetheless, she did, and she was such a wonderful poet that her poetry rivaled Whitman’s. Of course, no one ever saw her poetry at the same time as Whitman because she chose not to publish her poetry in her lifetime. Once she did, howeverRead MoreI Heard A Fly, By Michael Ryan1809 Words   |  8 PagesWhen Emily Dickinson was still in her teenage years, she began to experience pain all around her. Life and death became a prevalent topic as Ryan introduces, â€Å"Her bedroom from the age of sixteen to twenty-four overlooked the village graveyard; repeatedly, in the close community of Amherst, she was privy to the loss of children, parents, spouses, inmates†. By the time she was older, her poetry was very eloquent and thought out. In her poem â€Å"I heard a Fly Buzz- when I died-†, also referred to as 465Read MoreEngish 1252305 Words   |   10 Pagesone is exempt the world is one all fear is one all life all death all one.†(Lucille Clifton; DiYanni, 2007) What happened to this country, and any other tragic case of pain or suffering is expressed in this poem, when the author says â€Å"they know this storm in otherwheres,† and â€Å" no blood is untouched.† Conflict is frequently characterized as a controversy between interrelated individuals who intervene with one another in reaching their objectives , and that it is. We all have objectives to reach and

Modernism in Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler - 802 Words

Modernism was in effect expelled from Germany and many of its champions emigrated overseas as Hitler described modern art as â€Å"Bolshevist art†Ã¢â‚¬  in his autobiography â€Å"Mein Kampf† and â€Å"criticized the Weimar Republic for its alleged cultural weaknesses†.(Architecture and Politics in Germany ) â€Å"The Enabling Act (German: Ermà ¤chtigungsgesetz ) was a 1933 amendment to the Weimar Constitution that gave the German Cabinet – in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler – the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag†, The signing of this act into law by â€Å"both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 23 March 1933† act led to the closure of the Bauhaus after only two years in its Berlin headquarters. When Modernism was suppressed it created an opportunity for a replacement language of architecture, one which met the needs and aspirations of the Third Reich. The problem was the leadership of the National Socialist Party had differing views on what this language should be and â€Å"despite Hitler’s many pronouncements on the subject, Feder, Schirach, Ley, Goering and the other officials who became the regime’s principal architectural patrons never agreed upon a consistent theory of what Nazi architecture should be.† Hitler believed the art of his people should demonstrate that â€Å"Germanness equals Clarity†. Hitler did in his rhetoric specify and reinforce that â€Å"Nazi architecture must be heroic†. This was not however very precise, â€Å"Heroism in Hitler’s speeches referred to monumental scaleShow MoreRelatedRole Of Art And Design During Nazi Propaganda1789 Words   |  8 Pagesidentity created to manipulate the public. While Hi tler s regime was anti modern art, art movements such as the Bauhaus movement played an important role in the creation of Nazi propaganda. The use of cultural imagery and symbolism allowed nazis to communicate with the general public easier and more effectively. Nazis used imagery as a medium to control the German general public s view on war, racism and the economy. The propaganda campaign set forth by Hitler allowed german authorities to make recklessRead MoreDiscuss the Graphic Design Styles and t Essay2686 Words   |  11 PagesStyles and Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion used by the Nazi Government 1933-1939 â€Å"Nothing is easier than leading the people on a leash. I just hold up a dazzling campaign poster and they jump through it.† (Goebbels, 1934). By the time Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he already understood the power that propaganda could have on the masses; so quickly hired Joseph Goebbels as Reich Minister of Propaganda to control the news, media and art in Germany. Propaganda then grew

Elizabethan Gardening Free Essays

string(142) " high brick or stone wall with which the square garden was usually enclosed, the arbour of box where eavesdroppers could find good cover etc\." Aspects of Elizabethan Gardening and Landscape Architecture The reign of Elizabeth I was a golden era in English history, a time which abounded in men of genius. Among the many branches of art, science, and economy, to which they turned their attention, none profited more from the power of their wits, than did the art of gardening. Not having shared her father’s personality, nor his desire to not let the people live in more beautiful surroundings than his own, Elizabeth encouraged this art and persuaded her subjects to build delightfully-complex and extravagant gardens by proposing visits. We will write a custom essay sample on Elizabethan Gardening or any similar topic only for you Order Now The queen and her retinue would travel across the country and award the proprietors of the gardens she particularly liked. She also encouraged noblemen to support researchers, writers and other great minds who took on the task of contributing to the improvement of landscape architecture in one way or another. Lord Burghley was the patron of John Gerard, a remarkable English herbalist who published a list of rare plants cultivated in his garden at Holborn, still extant in the British Museum, and the famous work Great Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes. To Sir Walter Raleigh, a notable poet and aristocrat of the time, we owe the introduction of tobacco and of our most useful vegetable, the potato. An age of navigation and exploring, the Elizabethan era prided itself with the culture of various new flowers and plants (many of which were medicinal herbs) brought from India, America, the Canary Islands and other newly-discovered parts of the world. While re-editing Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles, in 1587, William Harrison states that he has seen over four hundred new species of plants entrusted to British soil and that, day by day, the people begin to think of them as belonging to their country. Lord Salisbury, Lord Burleigh’s son, commissioned a family of highly-skilled and educated Dutch gardeners (the Tradescants) to travel and bring back for his garden foreign species that could have been acclimatized. Written in his lively conversational English style, full of his own personal ideas and fancies, Francis Bacon’s Essay on Gardens is familiar to everyone. Always practical and focused on what it was possible to do, Bacon wanted to put forward a scheme in better taste for the gardens he saw about him. During Elizabeth I’s reign, the persecution of the Protestants on the Continent drove many of them to find a safe refuge in England. They brought with them some of the foreign ideas about gardening, and thus helped to improve the condition of Horticulture. The Elizabethan garden was the outcome of the older fashions in English gardens, combined with the new ideas imported from France, Italy, and Holland. The result was a purely national style, better suited to this country than a slavish imitation of the terraced gardens of Italy, or of those of Holland, with their canals and fish-ponds. There was no breaking-away from old forms and customs, no sudden change. The primitive medieval garden grew into the pleasure garden of the early Tudors, which, by a process of slow and gradual development, eventually became the more elaborate garden of the Elizabethan era. What one currently understands by a â€Å"formal† or â€Å"old-fashioned† garden, is one of this type. However, as genuine and unaltered Elizabethan gardens are rare, it is generally the further development of the same style a hundred years later, which is known as a â€Å"formal old English garden†. The garden of this period was laid out strictly in connection with the house. The architect who designed the house, was also responsible with designing the garden. There are some drawings extant by John Thorpe, one of the most celebrated architects of the time, of both houses and the gardens attached to them. The garden was held to be no mere adjunct to a house, or a confusion of green swards, paths, and flower-beds, but the designing of a garden was supposed to require even more skill than the planning of a house. â€Å"Men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection†, states Bacon in his essay, underlying the general idea of the period. Sir Hugh Platt’s opinion seems to have been the exception that proves the rule, as most other writers were particular in describing the correct form for a garden, but he writes: â€Å"I shall not trouble the reader with any curious rules for shaping and fashioning of a garden or orchard how long, broad or high, the Beds, Hedges, or Borders should be contrived†¦ Every Drawer or Embroiderer, almost each Dancing Master, may pretend to such niceties; in regard they call for very small invention, and lesse learning. In front of the house there was typically a terrace, from which the plan of the garden could be studied. Flights of steps and broad straight walks, called â€Å"forthrights† connected the parts of the garden, as well as the garden with the house. Smaller walks ran parallel with the terrace, and the spaces between were filled with grass plots, mazes, or knotted beds. The â€Å"forthrights† corresponded to the plan of the building, while the patterns i n the beds and mazes harmonized with the details of the architecture. The peculiar geometric tracery which surmounted so many Elizabethan houses, found its counterpart in the designs of the flower-beds. William Lawson, a north-countryman of the time, of whom little is known except for his own experiences which he put down in his work, A New Orchard and Garden, mentioned that â€Å"the form that men like in general is a square†. This shape was chosen in preference to â€Å"an orbicular, a triangle, or an oblong, because it doth best agree with a man’s dwelling†, as Shakespeare tells us in his play, Measure for Measure. This sort of house gardens we can get a fleeting glimpse every now and then in Shakespeare’s plays, literary works in which he mentions details such as the knotted patterns of the beds, the high brick or stone wall with which the square garden was usually enclosed, the arbour of box where eavesdroppers could find good cover etc. You read "Elizabethan Gardening" in category "Papers" Another common custom regarded covering the walls with rosemary. According to John Parkinson, an important English botanist of the time, at Hampton Court rosemary was â€Å"so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover them entirely. Gerard and Parkinson both refer to the custom of planting against brick walls. In the North of England, Lawson tells us, the garden-walls were made of dry earth, and it was usual â€Å"to plant thereon wallflowers and divers sweet-smelling plants†. With the seventeenth century, the interest in gardens began to make an appearance in belles lettres, quite indepen dently of real practical work and theoretical professional advice. One of the most visionary spirits of the age, Francis Bacon, was the first to direct attention to the matter in this way, though he was neither architect, nor gardener. Bacon formulated several noteworthy plans for organizing gardens: â€Å"The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all four sides with a stately arched hedge. The arches to be upon pillars of carpenter’s work, of some ten foot high, and six foot broad, and the spaces between of the same dimension with the breadth of the arch. † This â€Å"fair hedge† of Bacon’s ideal garden was to be raised upon a bank, set with flowers, and little turrets above the arches, with a space to receive â€Å"a cage of birds† – â€Å"and over every space between the arches, some other little figure, with broad plates of round colored glass, gilt, for the sun to play upon†. It is not likely that such fantastical ornaments to a hedge were usual, though it reminds one of the arched arcades and does not seem to be at all a new idea of Bacon’s. When discussing in Gardener’s Labyrinth the various models of fencing a round garden, Thomas Hill, a well-known astrologer of the time, describes palings of â€Å"drie thorne† and willow, which he calls a â€Å"dead or rough enclosure†. He refers to the Romans for examples of the alternative of digging a ditch to surround the garden, but â€Å"the general way† is a â€Å"natural enclosure†, a hedge of â€Å"white thorne artely laid in a few years with diligence it waxed so thick and strong, that hardly any person can enter into the ground, sauing by the garden-door; yet in sundry garden grounds, the hedges are framed with the privet tree, although far weaker in resistance, which at this day are made the stronger through yearly cutting, both above and by the sides†. He gives a quaint method for planting a hedge. The gardener is to collect the berries of briar, brambles, white-thorne, gooseberries and barberries, steep the seeds in a mixture of meal, and set them to keep until the spring, in an old rope, â€Å"a long worn rope†¦ being in a manner starke rotten†. â€Å"Then, in the spring, to plant the rope in two furrows, a foot and a half deep, and three feet apart†¦ The seeds thus covered with diligence shall appear within a month, either more or less, which in a few years will grow to a most strong defense of the garden or field†. These old gardeners had great confidence in all their operations, and but rarely in their works do we find any allusion to possible failure. Yews were greatly use for hedges, but more for walks and shelter within the gardens, than to form the outer enclosure. In the larger gardens there were two or three gates in the walls, well designed, with magnificent stone piers surmounted with balls or the owner’s crest, and wrought-iron gates of elaborate pattern; or else there was one fine gate at the principal entrance, the rest being smaller and less pretentious, merely â€Å"a planked gate† or â€Å"little door†. The main principle of a garden was still that it should be a â€Å"girth†, a yard, or enclosure; the idea of such a thing as a practically unenclosed garden had not, as yet, entered men’s minds. But because the garden was surrounded with a high wall, and those inside wished to look beyond, a terrace was contrived. As in the Middle Ages, we find an eminence within the walls, as a point from which to look over them; so at the time, the restricted view from the mount did not satisfy, and to get a more extended range over the park beyond and the garden within, a terrace as raised along one side of the square of the wall. Some pieces of information regarding these aspects we can find in Sir Henry Wotton’s writings on architecture: â€Å"I have seen a garden into which the first access was a high walk like a terrace, from whence might be taken a general view of the whole plot below. † De Caux, the designer of the Earl of Pembroke’s garden at Wilton, made such a terrace there â€Å"for the more advantage of beholding those plots†. Another is described at Kenilworth, in 1575, by Robert Langham: â€Å"hard all along by the castle wall is reared a pleasant terrace, ten feet high and twelve feet broad, even under foot, and fresh of fine grass†. The terraces, as a rule, were wide and of handsome proportions, with stone steps either at the ends or in the centre, and were raised above the garden either by a sloping grass bank, or brick or stone wall. At Kirby, in Northamptonshire, a magnificent Elizabethan house, nowadays rapidly falling into decay, all that remains of a once beautiful garden, â€Å"enrich’d with a great variety of plants† (as John Morton portrays it in his Natural History of Northamptonshire), is a terrace running the whole length of the western wall of the garden. At Drayton, an Elizabethan house in the same county as Kirby, there is a wide terrace against the outer wall of the garden with a summer-house at each end, as well as a terrace in front of the house, and other examples exist. The â€Å"forthrights†, or walks which formed the main lines of the garden design, were â€Å"spacious and fair†. Bacon describes the width of the path by which the mount is to be ascended as wide â€Å"enough for four to walk abreast†, and the main walks were wider still, broad and long, and covered with â€Å"gravel, sand or turf†. There were two kinds of walks, those in the open part of the garden, with beds geometrically arranged on either side, and sheltered walks laid out between high clipped hedges, or between the main enclosure wall and a hedge. There were also the â€Å"covert walks†, or â€Å"shade alleys†, in which the trees met in an arch over the path. Some of the walks were turfed, and some were planted with sweet-smelling herbs. â€Å"Those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed, are three that is, burnet, wild thyme and water-mints; therefore you are to set whole alleys of them to have the pleasure when you walk or tread†. Thomas Hill, in one chapter of his book, mentions that the â€Å"walks of the garden ground, the allies even trodden out, and leveled by a line, as either hree or four foot abroad, may cleanly be sifted over with river or sea sand, to the end that showers of rain falling, may not offend the walkers (at that instant) in them, by the earth cleaving or clogging to their feet†. Parkinson also has something to say about walks: â€Å"The fairer and larger your allies and walks be, the more grace your garden shall have, the less harm the herbs and flowers shall receive, by passing by them that grow next unto the allies sides, and the better shall your weeders cleanse both the bed and the allies†. The hedges on either side the walks were made of various plants box, yew, cypress, privet, thorne, fruit trees, roses, briars, juniper, rosemary, hornbeam, cornel, â€Å"misereon† and pyracantha. â€Å"Every man taketh what liketh him best, as either privet alone or sweet Bryar, and whitethorn interlaced together, and Roses of one, two, or more sorts placed here and there amongst them. Some plant cornel trees and plash them or keep them low to form them into a hedge; and some again take a low prickly shrub that abided always green, called in Latin Pyracantha†. Regarding the cypress, Parkinson mentions that, for the goodly proportion it has, â€Å"as also for his ever green head, it is and hath been of great account with all princes, both beyond and on this side of the sea, to plant them in rows on both sides of some spacious walke, which, by reason of their high growing, and little spreading, must be planted the thicker together, and so they give a pleasant and sweet shadow†. Gerard, writing of the same plant, says: â€Å"It grows likewise in diverse places in England, where it hath been planted, as at Sion, a place near London, sometime a house of nuns; it grows also at Greenwich and at other places; and likewise at Hampstead in the garden of Master Waide, one of the Clarkes of his Majesty’s Privy Council†. Another interesting aspect of the period’s gardening literature was the fact that, in several writings, there began to appear ideas for protecting and sheltering delicate and exotic plants, which a little later developed into orangeries and greenhouses, and finally into the hothouse and stove. Sir Hugh Platt, particularly, in the second part of The Garden of Eden, not printed until 1660, recurrently mentions the possibility of growing plants in the house, and making use of the fires in the rooms to force gillyflowers and carnations into early bloom. â€Å"I have known Mr. Jacob of the Glassehouse†, he writes, â€Å"to have carnations all the winter by the benefit of a room that was near his glasshouse fire†. Holinshed, while admiring the rchards of his day, states that he has seen capers, oranges and lemons, and heard of wild olives growing here, but he does not say how they were preserved from cold. Gerard also describes both oranges and lemons, while also being, too honest, however, to pretend that they grow in England. A few oranges, nonetheless, were successfully reared in this country. In his treatise on the Orchard, Parkinson focuses on describing the surprising looking after and tending of the Orange tree, as opposed to the Citron and the Lemmon trees. The former used to be kept in great square boxes and lift there to and fro by iron hooks attached to the sides in order to move them into a house or close gallery in the winter time. Other writers suggest that, if planted against a concave-shaped wall, lined with lead or tin to cause reflection, they might happily bear their fruit in the cold climate if these walls did stand so conveniently, as they might also be continually warmed with kitchen fires. The experiment of growing lemons was tried by Lord Burghley. There are some interesting letters extant in which the history of the way in which the tree was procured is preserved. Sir William Cecil wrote to Sir Thomas Windebank around 1561, requesting to have a lemon, a pomegranate and a myrt tree procured for him, along with the instructions on how they should be kept, because he desired to enrich his collection of exotic vegetation (collection which the orange tree was already part of). Although these foreign species of trees became widespread many years later, having been regarded as rarities for half a century, these fist instances of their importation are useful for us in forming a general idea about the level of cultural and scientific development the Elizabethans had reached. An indisputable proof of the progress gardening was making during this period was the growing importance of those practicing the craft in and around London, until at length, at the beginning of King James I’s reign, they attained the dignified position of a Company of the City of London, incorporated by Royal charter. In that year all those â€Å"persons inhabiting within the Cittie of London and six miles compass thereof doe take upon them to use and practice the trade, craft or misterie of gardening, planting, grafting, setting, sowing, cutting, arboring, mounting, covering, fencing and removing of plants, herbs, seeds, fruit trees, stock sett, and of contriving the conveyances to the same belonging, were incorporated by the name of Master Wardens, Assistants and Comynaltie of the Company of Gardiners of London†. The botanical interest of Elizabethan England was shared by most countries of the time, aspect which led to the creation of a strong bond in commerce and political relations. In consequence, this great delight in growing flowers for domestic decoration was a marked feature in English life at this period. Many travelers who visited the kingdom found themselves absolutely charmed with the English comfort and architectural artistry. In one of his works, published in The Touchstone of Complexions, Thomas Newton, an illustrious scholar of the time, quotes the Dutch explorer and physician Levimus Leminius, who came to England around 1560: â€Å"Their chambers and parlors strewn over with sweet herbs refreshed me; their nosegays finely intermingled with sundry sorts of fragrant flours, in their bed chambers and privy rooms with comfortable smell cheered me up and entirely delighted all the senses†. How to cite Elizabethan Gardening, Papers

International Expansion Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Creates a Complete International Business Report. Answer: Introduction In this era of globalization, organizations want to explore the global avenues for expansion. The use of Information Technology and advancements in e-commerce has further pushed the organizations strategy to expand. There was a time when organizations used to target only the domestic market. However, in recent times, the competition has increased significantly. Today, the focus of the organizations is to expand in the global market to increase their market share. It is important that organizations must clearly understand the international market (Hillyer, Finch, Cerel, Dattelbaum Leopold, 2014). There would obviously be various cultural, economic and other challenges. It is important that the organizations must have a strategy in place to overcome these challenges. The objective of this paper is to discuss the expansion of an organization in an international market. The selected organization for this paper is Toys R Us and the selected market is India. The market of toy industries is developing in domestic as well as international arena (Nag, Han Yao, 2014). The buying capacity of buyers is increasing rapidly and the economy is liberal which leads to easy decision in terms of Making or Buying. Toys are considered to be developing the children intellectually and emotionally as well by the customers. A brief organizational background can be discussed as: Organizational background (Toys R Us) Toys R Us, Inc. is based in New Jersey and it operates as baby products and toys retailer along with its subsidiaries. It mainly produces products for children up to four years of age. The largest share of its market is USA followed by other countries globally including Europe, Japan, Canada, UK, China and South East Asia, etc. It has high brand resonance and has good positioning as Toys retailer and has cultivated loyalty in its customers through quality products and efficient communications. But recently company witnessed a declining sales trend in its market due to competition and declining demand due to decrease in birth rates in its market and this is one of the drivers for the company to expand internationally. The overseas expansion strategies for Toys R Us can be discussed as: Overseas expansion drivers for Toys R Us Toys R Us is toys and baby products retailers which is facing decline in its sales due to decrease in the target segment in its current markets. So, it is trying to tap into new markets as well where there is good opportunity in terms of earning revenues. Countries like India, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Russia have been considered and compared as the probable markets where the market could be extended (Vogel, 2014). Potential target markets of India, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Russia The current market situations in these countries are analyzed considering 12 C frameworks in view: Russia is a developed economy with less population and Sri Lanka and India are developing countries with higher population (Garton, 2017). Nigeria is an underdeveloped economy with high population which is witnessing high developments recently. In Russia, according to their culture, people tend to buy toys from specialty stores whereas in India, Sri Lanka and Nigeria, majority buys from small markets where the products are supposed to be at cheaper rate. However, the high-end customers are increasing in these countries as well. India and Sri Lanka are the Asian countries which have developing economies in which India is growing rapidly followed by Sri Lanka. This leads to increase in the capacity to pay but still they are mostly price sensitive. Russia is a grown market here people tend to invest more in toys especially in urban areas. In Nigeria, customers are highly price sensitive and tend to opt for cheap products (Balland, 2014). The demand for consumption in India is very high due to large population and there is large estimated growth in coming decade for the toy industry (Niu, 2013). Other countries have also average demands due to less population in Russia and less purchasing power parity in Sri Lanka and Nigeria. Currency of Russia is strong and that of India, Sri Lanka and Nigeria comparatively weak as they are developing countries whereas Russia has already a well-developed economy. Customers have more choices in Russia as there are already many toy companies whereas in other countries like India, Sri Lanka and Nigeria, there are still very less number of toy companies as compared to their population demand (Khajeheian, 2016). Hence, all the countries have their pros and cons and Toys R Us should go for the best option with long term view and market share and profits in consideration. It can be said that the best option for Toys R Us is India and therefore, this report will discuss the expansion of Toys R Us in Indian market. Brief introduction to India In India, in various parts, people invest less in toys due to presence of cheap options. But now people are understanding the safety value in the usage of toys by their children (Robertson, 2013). The toy industry is labor intensive and small sectors are predominantly producing and manufacturing. Innovative toys have witnessed increased demands in Indian market. Due to large population, it can inculcate and have enough capacity to have great demands even in the face of competition. Before entering India, Toys R Us should consider the requirements of customers there and according to the sentiments, product lines should be established The PESTLE analysis fir India can be discussed as: PESTLE analysis for Toys R Us in Indian market The PESTLE analysis for Indian market for the toys industry in general can be discussed as: Political Legal factors The political and legal factors can be considered as positive for the players in toys industry. There is heavy potential for cooperating with the multi- national companies for toys and baby products (Lin, Hong Jao, 2008). There could be development of low cost high quality manufacturing which could be enabled by using alliances strategically. The government is supporting and encouraging Foreign Direct Investments in India. Currently, Chinese products have largest market share which provides cheap products (Khajeheian, 2016). The consumer preferences are changing but the designing of products and adaptability of changes is less in toys products due to lack of technology. The government of India wants that people should have options other than the Chinese products. At the same time, it is important to mention that corruption rate is high in the country and the country does not score well in the ease of doing business in Indian market. Therefore, it would be correct to say that political and legal factors are average for the companies in toy segment to enter the Indian market and grow their business. Economic factors The production of toys could be done in India itself as here skilled labour is available at cheaper rate and women constitute the majority of toy manufacturing workforce (Hanerlio?ullar?, ?en Aktun, 2016). There is tremendous growth in the market domestically in India. Now, the disposable income is increasing, which leads to an increasing in purchasing power of the consumers (iko, 2015). Now consumers are getting aware of the international brands and they are growing interests and confidence towards the same. The raw materials and skilled labours are easily available in Indian market at a low price. The overhead costs are low and also due to large population, variety of demand is present. There is less economy of scale due to less penetration and hence, the production cost is comparatively high (Christensen, Anthony, Roth, 2013). The support system of vendors is currently inconsistent and insufficient. The customer feedback system is not efficient. The surplus income of middle clas s family which is the largest chunk in India is increased and will be increasing in the coming years as per the economic growth. The economy of India is growing at a CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) of more than 6% (Garton, 2017). This is one of the best growth rate in the international market. Therefore, it would be correct to say that economic factors are favorable for the companies in toy segment to enter the Indian market and grow their business. Social Cultural Ethical factors The joint family culture is now diminishing and nuclear family culture is imbibing in India (Vogel, 2014). Due to which, people have more focus towards their childrens requirements. Around 40% of the toys consumed are from organized sector, which has increased from previous decade and is continuously increasing. There is an estimated growth rate of 15%- 20% annually in the coming five years (Hillyer,2014). The government is focusing on increase in Foreign Direct Investments for the growth of economy which leads to easy penetration in the market. The social and cultural factors can be termed as positive for players in the toys industry. There children are accompanied by their parents or other elders and they are only influencers, the ultimate decision of purchasing toy and baby products is generally that of the elders (Lin, 2008). Accordingly, the integrated marketing communication of toys and baby products must be done in order to resonate during making purchase decision by the custo mer. The ethical factors are not good in Indian market. According to 2016 results ofCorruption Perception IndexofTransparency International, India ranks 79th place out of 176 countries.The corruption is high in the Indian market and the ethical standards of people is less than the global average. Therefore, it would be correct to say that social and cultural factors are favorable for the companies in toy segment to enter the Indian market and grow their business. The ethical factors are not favorable for Toys R Us to operate in Indian market. Technological factors Innovative toys are in markets which are attracting customers and they also tend to buy more frequently due to this to have variety in their childrens play. There is lack of the facilities of development and research in India itself. The technical knowledge is fragmented. There are not specific professional and strong associations for Toys industries (Bhatia, 2015). There is lack of coordination amongst the toys manufacturers. Currently, there are general purposed machines largely which are used to produce the specialized products. Hence, innovation is lacking and capability framework is of poor quality due to improper tooling facilities (Niu, Miles Lee, 2013). The video games and other electronic toys have improper technical capabilities till now. In the last decade or so, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in gaming sector (Mahon McGowan, 2010). Therefore, it would be correct to say that technological factors are favorable for the companies in toy segment to enter the Indian market and grow their business. Environmental factors The environmental factors are not much great for the organizations in the toy industry. Operation capabilities in India of toy products are comparatively less which leads to large investments initially for the development of specialized products such as toys and baby products. The quality and safety standards are yet not appropriate in terms of material and designing of products for children. India does not have good edge in terms of competition for electronic toys which have recently witnessed heavy increase in demands (Balland, Belso-Martnez Morrison, 2014). Children are now giving more time to their studies or computers and internet which leads to decrease in the physical play by them. It is reported that the manufacturers of toys use plastic and it is not good for environment (Oudan, 2010). This is the reason that environmentalist have various complaints and issues against the players in the toys industry. Therefore, it would be correct to say that environmental factors are not favorable for the companies in toy segment to enter the Indian market and grow their business. Macro and Competitive Factors that influence Global Toys Industry- There are various factors affecting the Global Toys Industry such as following: Birth Rate- There is decrease in birth rates as people are now focusing on population control. Also, various governments of different countries also encourage people to have less number of children to have better living standards (Bhatia, 2015). Due to this, decrease in demands is seen in various countries for baby products as target segment is shrinking. Entertainment Industry- Buyers may not be the users of toys. Hence, to encourage them for buying the toys, it is required that toys industry is integrated with the entertainment industry (Robertson Breen, 2013). Products for girls- There has been major increase in demands of toys for girls. Hence, more product lines of toys must be developed for girls (Sisko, 2015). Conclusion Toys R Us could expand its international markets to generate more market and customers. It could enter into Indian market as it has good estimated CAGR growth in its toys industries. Also, the global toys industry is facing various changes in terms of changing preferences of customers in terms of innovative toys. All these parameters must be considered and after proper Research and Development, Toys R Us should incorporate required changes and maintain its market share and growth. Communication forms an important part in all these countries as customers should be well aware of the products and services provided by Toys R Us over its competitors (Hanerlio?ullar?, 2016). This could be done through following integrated marketing communication. Initially, the company should collaborate with already established stores where their target segments use to buy (Mahon, 2010). In the coming time, when people start getting attracted a loyalty segment is formed, they could operate individually. B ut since India has could witness great demands of branded and quality toys, they should try to acquire more and more customers. Currently urban population tends to spend much more than rural areas where still Chinese cheap toys have notable market share. Hence, Toys R Us should target the metro and other large cities. Also, positioning should be done in a way that the toys are safe for children and help them grow intellectually as well. The toxic aspects including Lead, Nickel etc. of the raw materials used in the manufacturing of toys must be minimal and this must be communicated to the consumers (Oudan, 2010). Also, the utility value and the aesthetics of toys and other products must be in accordance with the customers. Hence, by an efficient market plan and with proper collaboration, Toys R Us can generate large market share in Indian market. References Balland, P.A., Belso-Martnez, J.A. and Morrison, A., 2014.The dynamics of technical and business networks in industrial clusters: embeddedness, status or proximity?(No. 1412). Utrecht University, Section of Economic Geography. Bhatia, M., 2015. Dragon vs elephant: a comparative study of competiveness in toy industry of China and India.ZENITH International Journal of Business Economics Management Research,5(11), pp.11-19. Christensen, C., Anthony, S. and Roth, E.A., 2013.Seeing what's next: Using the theories of innovation to predict industry change. Harvard Business Press. Garton, K., 2017.Apocalypse at the Doll Counter Barbie, Marjie, and the North American Toy Industry, 1959-67(Doctoral dissertation). Hanerlio?ullar?, G., ?en, A. and Aktun, E.A., 2016. Demand uncertainty and inventory turnover performance: An empirical analysis of the US retail industry.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(6/7), pp.681-708. Hillyer, M.M., Finch, L.E., Cerel, A.S., Dattelbaum, J.D. and Leopold, M.C., 2014. Multi-technique quantitative analysis and socioeconomic considerations of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in childrens toys and toy jewelry.Chemosphere,108, pp.205-213. Khajeheian, D., 2016. Market Analysis, Opportunity Recognition and Strategy Diagnosis in Toy Industry.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Mahon, J.F. and McGowan, R.A., 2010. Modeling industry political dynamics.Business Society,37(4), pp.390-413. Lin, M.H., Hong, C.F. and Jao, K.Y., 2008, October. Visualization of the user's preference using multi-values analysis. InSystems, Man and Cybernetics, 2008. SMC 2008. IEEE International Conference on(pp. 307-311). IEEE. Nag, B., Han, C. and Yao, D.Q., 2014. Mapping supply chain strategy: an industry analysis.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,25(3), pp.351-370. Niu, K.H., Miles, G. and Lee, C.S., 2013. Strategic development of network clusters: a study of high technology regional development and global competitiveness.Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal,18(3), pp.176-191. Oudan, R., 2010. Strategic decision-making in the emerging field of e-commerce.International Journal of Management and Information Systems,14(2), p.19. Robertson, D. and Breen, B., 2013.Brick by brick: How LEGO rewrote the rules of innovation and conquered the global toy industry. Crown Business. Sisko, N., 2015.Strategies of entering into new industries(Doctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb. Faculty of Economics and Business. Department of Organization and Management.). Vogel, H.L., 2014.Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press.

American Siblings By Shephard Essays - True West,

American Siblings By Shephard True West is an intense dramatization of the relationship between two brothers: Lee and Austin. As each scene progresses, the brothers' rivalry and animosity towards each other become more and more apparent, building towards a single emotionally involving climax. Throughout the play, the characters undergo subtle changes as each brother subconsciously attempts to absorb the part of the other brother's life which he feels might complete him. This role reversal is the pivotal instrument in which Sam Sheppard shows the intensity of sibling rivalry. The play starts en medea res. Lee and Austin have not talked to each other in some time, and Lee obviously resents Austin. In the conversation Lee almost has something to prove to Austin. A few sentences into the conversation, Austin's estimation of Lee and Lee's hostile resentment of this view become apparent: AUSTIN: I've got too much to deal with here to be worrying about? LEE: Yer not gonna' have to worry about me! I've been doin' all right without you. I haven't been anywhere near you for five years! Now isn't that true? (P. 8) Austin clearly thinks of his brother as a responsibility, and does not think of him as an equal, much less as someone who can take care of himself. For Lee on the other hand, being looked down upon by his younger brother is insulting. Lee's reaction to his brother is immediately defensive. When the subject of Lee staying at their mother's house comes up, Lee snaps at Austin: AUSTIN: Well, you can stay here as long as I'm here. LEE: I don't need your permission do I? And later, LEE: She might've just as easily asked me to take care of her place as you. AUSTIN: That's right. LEE: I mean I know how to water plants. (P.7) Throughout this scene, Lee's hostile attitude towards Austin constantly disrupts the flow of the conversation, and is a continual reminder that these two men have an unresolved internal conflict. Both brothers realize that they each come from two different walks of life, but it is Austin who chooses to believe that his way of life is superior. While Austin has, as Lee puts it, "...the wife and kiddies...the house, the car, the whole slam...(p.9)," we never discover if Lee owns anything at all, or is just a transient burglar. Lee has much to be jealous of in Austin. Austin, however, has very little to be jealous of in Lee. Lee is a thief who hasn't ever settled down into anything. In this first scene, the overall emphasis of power between the brothers is material possessions, and Austin definitely has the power over Lee. The first scene defines each character and what they are. Austin is an ambitious man who wants very badly to finish his movie script and sell it. He says to his scripting agent, "I've got everything riding on this, Saul. You know that. It's my only shot. If this falls through...(P. 35)." At the same time he is very patient and timid with his brother. Lee is very competitive, emotionally explosive and content to scrape by with the minimum of money. He does not feel that he is socially fit to live in a social community, as he says: LEE: This is the last time I try to live with people! (P. 46) And later, LEE: Hey, do you actually think I chose to live out in the middle a' nowhere? Do ya'? Ya' think its some kinda' philosophical decision I took or somethin'? I'm livin' out there ?cause I can't make it here! (P. 49) The first major change in one of the brothers is in Austin. After Austin's agent offers Lee a deal which Austin was hoping to get, Austin almost refuses to believe it. When Lee needs Austin to be his writer, Austin becomes adamantly against Lee, and furiously tries to talk his agent out of the deal with Lee. Throughout the play until this point, Lee's dialogue has been considerably lengthier than Austin's has. In this scene, Austin's dialogue is explosive in its length when compared with Lee's sparse one liners. This change marks the end of the way things used to be for them. Austin's reaction to his brother is not the timid, patient person who we met in the first scene. In contrast, while Lee is being a little more ambitious and social than we have been led to believe he normally is, the major change is that it is Lee who is calm

Rusian History essays

Rusian History essays Russia has always played a major roll in global politics, economics and thought. However, in the past two centuries, Russia has had probably the greatest influence on the international world in modern times, surpassed only by the United States. The Russia that we've known this century though, has its roots in last centuries Russian. At the end of the nineteenth century, Russia experienced great changes internally, politically, socially and spiritually. The half century leading up to the Communist revolution in 1917 was a time filled with sweeping changes, literary triumphs and military defeat. All of these factors played in the eventual revolution and not only affected politics and thought in Russia, but in every nation on earth. After the defeat of the Russian army in the Crimean War, Russian realized that it needed to modernize its country, socially and militarily. Alexander II realized that to modernize mean that Russia needed to westernize. So in 1861 he emancipated the serfs from bondage. The emancipation was mean to bridge the gap between the elite and the general population, but was not the first of such liberal western type reforms. Catherine and Peter the Great had also made western type reforms during their respective reigns. All of their reforms, and especially Alexander's, were influenced by western thought. These thought were introduced into Russia by its Western European educated ruling class. Under Alexander II, the ruling class began to see serfdom as an immoral part of society. This moral problem was accompanied by the economics of the day, and the ethical conclusion was that serfdom must be dismantled. The abolition of serfdom was Alexander II greatest contribution to history. However, the 'Liberating Czar' enacted a whole series of fundamental changes including; comprehensive reform of the judicial system that finally introduced the unheard of idea of equality, trial by jury, public proceedings in legal matt...

Letter to Presidential Candidate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Charter Schools in the Lottery Documentary Essay

Charter Schools in the Lottery Documentary - Essay Example One might suggest that the movie in question makes a good argument about the topic. However, in order to prove that it would be advantageous to work out a set of criteria that should be used to measure the effectiveness of the arguments that are made by documentaries. This paper will present four such criteria.  The first one, as well as the most obvious one, is objectivity. Indeed, people tend to watch documentaries since they hope that the director is not biased and is willing to show the actual state of affairs, not from a particular side. It is clear that to do so, the documentary should not give preference to one particular point of view, but feature different approaches. Speaking of The Lottery it is clear that opposite ideas about the issue of charter schools are presented: the pro side is backed up by the staff of Harlem Success Academy, parents, and activists; the con side includes public advocates, representatives of the teachers union, staff of public schools and so on. It would not be a mistake to point out that fact that it is a great advantage of the movie in question lies in the fact that it features interviews with people who strongly believe in the validity of their claims: this allowed the director to present opposing views.  Another criterion that would contribute to the effectiveness of arguing a particular topic is the balance between emotional neutrality and encouragement. It is true that documentaries usually send a particular message to the audience, and this message is usually backed up by the appeal to emotions. It is thought that â€Å"self-assertive emotions drive us towards individual action and reaction† (Austin and Jong 113). In other words, they reinforce the position that is already taken by a person on a particular issue and allow one to take appropriate action.

Britain and the empire The Great Irish Famine Essay

Britain and the empire The Great Irish Famine - Essay Example This essay will focus on Christine Kinealy’s findings on the famine, mostly related to the relationship of Britain and Ireland during the years of the famine including relationship of the famine with churches, with monarchy, and the nationalist movement. Ever since the famine occurred in 1845, there have been a number of books and literature works published on it, yet the work of Kinealy has taken the famine literature to another level. Kinealy uses many sources and research materials that were otherwise not used to evaluate the famine. With these sources, she demonstrated another aspect of the famine with the relationship of Ireland and Britain during the famine. She focused on the role of the government and also on the importance of saving lives through private charity. Another aspect which Kinealy focuses on is the food supply which no one had ever discussed before. She talked about how Ireland produced enough food even after the potato blight. It was her work which gave a new vision to the impact of the famine and the aspects which were given least attention. The book is an evaluation of Kinealy’s survey A Death Dealing Famine which she conducted in 1997. Her intention towards this book was not to give a general history, but to examine the famine through the number of different contexts and through her narrative. On her research of different contexts, there is new material presented on charity, memory, and the religious response. The interpretation of Kinealy is identical to the controversial claim in 1997 that Ireland had in reality not suffered with deficit of food and the famine was artificial. Kinealy carried out a lot of research on the famine and chose to write about her ideology. Her book was highly criticized as it gave a different yet true picture of the Irish famine after about 50 years of misinterpretation. Her view and research actually

Importance of Postoperative Pain Management

Importance of Postoperative Pain Management CHAPTER-II Review of literature is a key step in research process. The literature review is to discover what has previously been done about the problem to be studied what remains to be done, what methods have been employed in other research and how the result of other research in the area can be combined to develop knowledge. It is essential step; it can be done before and after selecting the problem. It can help to determine what is already known about the topic (A.P.Jai, 2005). This chapter attempts to present a review of studies done methodology adopted and conclusion attained by earlier investigators which helps in this study. The sources are internet search, textbook, published journal, editorials published and unpublished thesis. In this chapter, the researcher presents the review of the literature under the following headings, Section-I: Studies related to importance of postoperative pain management. Section-II: Studies related to Using Numeric Rating Scale for pain Assessment. Section-III: Studies related to effectiveness of music therapy among General Surgical Patients. Section-IV: Studies related to Effectiveness of Music Therapy among Post Caesarean Mothers. Section-V: Studies related to Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall (1965). Section-VI: Conceptual Framework Based on Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall (1965). SECTION-I: STUDIES RELATED TO IMPORTANCE OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT. Kolawole and Fawole, (2003) conducted a study on Postoperative pain management following caesarean section in University of llorin Teaching Hospital (UITH).llorin, Nigeria. Prospective descriptive design was used to assess the effectiveness of various common methods of analgesia used in hospital following caesarean section. This study was conducted over a period of 18 months. Pain assessment was carried out by 4-point Verbal Rating Scale of None, Mild, Moderate, and severe. The first 24hrs postoperatively was particularly painful for the patient with 79.6% and 54.6% reporting moderate to severe pain in the recovery room and day 1 respectively. They concluded that the pain remains a significant problem following surgical operation in our environment. (PMID.15008293) Seers and Carroll, (1998) conducted a study on Relaxation techniques for acute pain management. They were used a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and seven studies involving 362 patients were included. Three of the seven studies demonstrated significantly less pain sensation or pain distress in those who had relaxation, four studies did not detect any difference. It was concluded that the well designed and executed randomized controlled trials are needed before the clinical use of relaxation in acute pain management can be firmly underpinned by good quality research evidence. So we can recommend that the relaxation in acute pain settings is carefully evaluated and not used as the main treatment for the pain management. SECTION-II: STUDIES RELATED TO USING NUMERIC RATING SCALE FOR PAIN ASSESSMENT. Yaakov Beilin, Jabera Hossain, and Carol, (2009) conducted a study on Numeric Rating Scale and Labor Epidural Analgesia, in this study a Numeric Rating Scale(NRS) used to evaluate pain in research studies, they define desire for additional analgesic medication as a clinically relevant outcome in research studies about pain and compare it with the results of the NRS. A post hoc analysis of three studies that conducted previously in concerning labor epidural analgesia was performed. In all three studies, score was obtained before and 15 min after analgesia. They found that the very few patients (2%) with a score of 0-1 wanted more medication. When the score was 2 or 3, 51% of the patients wanted more medication, and score was >3, almost all patients (93%) wanted more medication. Grouping the final NRS scores into 3 categories (0 or 1, 2 or 3, and >3) is more useful to the clinician than using individual NRS scores. Cinzia Brunelli, (2009) did a study on Comparison of Numerical and Verbal Rating Scales to measure pain exacerbations in patients with chronic Cancer pain. Crosses sectional multicentre study conducted on a sample of 240 advanced cancer patients with pain, background pain and BP were measured by 6-point VRS and 11 point NRS. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the two scales, a subsample of 60 patients was randomly selected and the questionnaire was administered for a second time three to four hours later. The proportion of inconsistent evaluations was calculated to compare the two scales capability in discriminating between background and peak pain intensity and Cohens K was calculated to compare their reproducibility. It concludes that NRS revealed higher discriminatory capability than VRS in distinguishing between background and peak pain intensity with a lower proportion of patients giving inconsistent evaluations (14% vs. 25%) (Cohens K of 0.86 for NRS vs 0.53 for VRS) while the reproducibility of the two scales in evaluating background pain was similar (Cohens K of 0.80 vs. 0.77). Nathalie Dieudonne, Alexandra Gomola, Philippe Bonnichon, and Yves M.Ozier, (2008) conducted a study on Prevention of postoperative pain after thyroid surgery. In this study double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial used to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus blocks performed at the end of surgery. Ninety patients were randomized to receive 20 mL isotonic sodium chloride or 20 mL bupivacaine 0.25% with 1:200,000 epinephrines. Postoperative pain was assessed every 4 h using an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS-11). All patients received acetaminophen every 6 h. In addition, morphine was administered following a standardized protocol if the NRS-11 score was à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4. The main outcome variables were pain scores (NRS-11), the proportion of patients given morphine at any time during the 24-h period, and the amount of morphine administered. The Bupivacaine group had a smaller proportion of patients given morphine (66.0% vs 90.0%; P = 0.016), and lower initial median pain scores (P = 0.002). SECTION-III: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY AMONG GENERAL SURGICAL PATIENTS. Sigma Theta Tau International, (2009) conducted a study to assess and compare the effect of music therapy on postoperative pain of patient undergone elective abdominal surgery. A quasi-experimental design was used and convenient samples of 30 (15 in each expcontrol group). Pain was measured by Verbal Rating Scale. Music therapy was given as per patients wish to experimental group and intensity of pain was monitored before and immediately after recovery from anesthesia, during the 1st and 2nd postoperative day for both the groups. Results revealed that those patients who listened to self selected music tapes had significant differences (p Tse MM.Chan Me. Benzie, (2005) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of music therapy on postoperative pain and analgesic use following nasal surgery. Sample size was 57 patients (24females33 males) who were matched for age and sex and then non-selectively assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Music was played intermittently to members of the experimental group during the first 24hrs postoperative period and pain intensity was measured by Verbal Rating Scales. It shows the significant decrease in pain intensity over time were found in the experimental group compared to the control group (p Nilsson, Unosson and Rawal, (2005) conducted a study on Stress reduction and analgesia in patients exposed to calming music postoperatively. The randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy. Seventy-five patients undergoing hernia repair in day care surgery were allocated to three groups: intraoperative music, postoperative music and silence (control group). Patients postoperative pain, anxiety, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation were studied. The postoperative music group had less anxiety and pain and required less morphine after 1hr compared with the control group. The result concluded that intraoperative music may decrease postoperative pain, and that postoperative music therapy may reduce anxiety, pain and morphine consumption. SECTION- IV: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY AMONG POST CAESAREAN MOTHERS. Arastirma TAF pre Med Bull, (2009) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy on postoperative pain after Caesarean section. The sample size was 100 and randomly allocated into two groups (50 in each group).Group 1, patients listened to music through a headphone for 1hour immediately before surgery where as in group-2, not listen to any music during the same period. In the postanaesthesia care unit patients were connected to I.V. PCA device when they were able to respond to commands. The patients level of satisfaction with perioperative care was assessed by a 10cm Visual Analogue Scale and the severity of postoperative pain was assessed by VAS. The results shows that the postoperative tramadol consumption, total amount of tramadol consumption, additional analgesic use and all VAS values were lower in group-1(p Amin Ebneshahidi, and Masood Mohseni, (2008) conducted a study to evaluate the effect of patient selected music on early postoperative pain, anxiety and Hemodynamic profile in Caesarean section. The sample size was 80 who were undergoing elective C.S.surgery enrolled randomly to listen 30 minutes of music or silence by head phones postoperatively. Pain and Anxiety were measured with visual Analogue Scale. Results says that the pain score and postoperative cumulative opioid consumption were significantly lower among patients in the music group (p SECTION-V: STUDIES RELATED TO GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN Marial, (2007) did a study to assess the effectiveness of back massage on pain during first stage of labour among mothers in selected maternity centre at tirupur. 60 samples were selected by using convenient sampling method for the study (experimental group-30 and control group-30). Experimental group received massage were as the control group did not. She used Melzack pain gate control theory for conceptual frame work. Data was collected using behavioral intensity and visual analogue scale. The statistical calculation done was frequency mean, SD, chi-square andt test. The result of the study shows that massage is a cost effective nursing intervention that can decreases the pain perception during labour. Jacintha, (1995) did a study on the effect of back massage during the first stage of labour. She divided the samples in to two groups of 30 each. The experimental group received back massage for 10 minutes per hour. She used non participatory observation technique to observe the maternal behavioral every hour. She used Melzack pain gate control theory for conceptual frame work. The experimental group was interviewed regarding their experience and feelings of back massage before shifting them to the post natal ward. 100% of mothers remembered massage given to them during labour, with feeling of comfortable in 76.66% and relaxed in 43.33%. All the mothers were of the opinion that all mothers in labour should be given back massage. Locsin, (1981) did a study to assess the effectiveness of music on the pain of selected postoperative patients during first 48 hrs. The 24 female gynecology and/ obstetric patients were assign to two groups (control and experimental). The measurement of the experimental variable was done by an Overt Pain Reduction Rating Scale (OPRRS) which is devised by the writer. Significant differences were found between the groups of postoperative patients in their muscular-skeletal and verbal reactions during the first 58hr at the 0.05 level. The conceptual framework of the study was based on the concept of distraction following the Gate Control Theory of Pain by Melzack Wall (1965). The finding says that the music can be used as a nursing measure for postoperative patients. SECTION-VI: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON GATECONTROL THEORY OF PAIN (MELZACK AND WALL (1965) The conceptual frame work for the present study was derived from Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall, 1995) Application of Gate Control Theory of Pain Polit and Hungler, (1965) state that a conceptual framework is inter related concept on abstraction that is assembled together in some rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common scheme. It is a device that helps to stimulate research and the extension of knowledge by providing both direction and impetus. The present study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of music therapy on intensity of post operative pain among primipara mothers who had Caesarean Section. The conceptual frame work of this study was derived from gate control theory of pain. Gate Control Theory of Pain: Many theories of pain have been presented in the literature. These include specificity, pattern, affect and psychological/behavioral theory (Mander 1998). The most widely used and accepted theory is that of Melzack Wall (1965). These researchers have established that gentle stimulation actually inhibits the sensation of pain. Their gate control theory states that a neural or spinal gating mechanism occurs in the substantiate gelatinosa of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. The nerve impulses received by nociceptors, the receptors for pain in the skin and tissue of the body, are affected by the gating mechanism. It is the position of the gate that determines whether or not the nerve impulses travel freely to the medulla and the thalamus, thereby transmitting the sensory impulse or message, to the sensory cortex. The pain impulses will be carried out by the small diameter slow conducting A-delta and C fibers. Impulses traveled through small diameter fibers will open the pain gate and the person feels pain. Pain gate is also receiving impulses produced by stimulation of thermo receptors or mechanoreceptors transmitted via large diameter; myellindated A-delta fibers inhibit superimpose the small diameter impulses. (Myles -2003) If the gate is closed, there is little or no conduction, for example distraction, counseling and massage techniques are ways to release endorphins, which close the gate. This prevents or reduces the clients perception of pain (Freeman and Lawlis, 2001) If the gate is open, the impulses and messages pass and are transmitted freely. Therefore, when the gate is open, pain and sensation is experienced. (Potter and Perry, 2009) Many non pharmacological procedures such as hydrotherapy, music therapy (distraction), application of heat or ice, massage, vibration, TENS and movement stimulate the nerve endings connected with large diameter fibres which can produce a reduction of pain by closing the pain gate. Based on the principle of gate control theory, the following conceptual framework was developed. Method used to reduce intensity of postoperative pain is instrumental music which is composed by violin among Primipara mothers who had Caesarean Section. Stimulation of Pain Receptors: Surgical trauma of the uterus due to Caesarean Section stimulates pain receptors in lower abdomen and lumbar area of the back. In the control group there was more stimulation of pain receptors in these areas due to the close contact between the contracting uterus and abdominal and lower back structures. In case of experimental group(Music therapy), there was less stimulation of free nerve ending in the lower abdomen and lumbar area of back compared to the control group due to the distraction caused by music therapy. Travelling of Pain Impulses: Normally pain impulses are traveling through small short conducting A-delta and C fibres. Impulses from stimulation will be distracted by instrumental music and decrease in pain perception produce a reduction of pain by closing the pain gate in experimental group. Gating Mechanism: Pain impulses after the Caesarean Section are transmitted through the spinal nerve segment of T11-12 and accessory lower thoracic and upper lower sympathetic nerves, which are traveled through (A-delta and C) small diameter and slow conducting amyelinated fibres and reach the pain gate and open the gate thus the mother perceives pain in the lower abdomen and lower back. Impulses reduced by music due to decreased in pain perception to travel through fast conducting myelinated A-delta fibres which impose small fibres and close the pain gate. SUMMARY This chapter dealt with the studies related to importance of postoperative pain management, application of music therapy and conceptual frame work based on gate control theory of pain.

Destiny :: essays research papers

Pre-Destination vs. Self-Determination People like to believe that they have the freedom to choose to be or do whatever it is that they want to be or do; it is, however, quite the opposite. This sense of freedom is called self-determination. At the other end of the spectrum, when no matter what we do seems to make any difference or when events just seem to happen and we think about them as being out of our control or somehow planned by some force unknown to us (such as a God), that is called pre-destination. Self-determination has its limitations as to what people are allowed to do, but pre-destination has no limits of any kind. Self-determination is, in fact, used to mask pre-destination, to keep people content in following a pre-set path that life offers. Without pre-destination, how do we know what the weather will be like, or if the sun rises, or if someone will stop at a red light? Without these paths where would our lives be going? People do these every day things that are simply there to keep them going down the pa th that they have always been on. When people get off that path, such as when they stop doing drugs, then their lives are on a new track. But the new track doesn’t necessarily have anything unique about it, it’s just a new path and already pre-determined. And once on a path, it is very difficult to veer away from the pre-determined, pre-disposed activities that a particular lifestyle requires. Smith 2 Pre-destination, not our life choices, guides our lives. There is no other way to explain things such as people who grow up poor yet somehow manage to create a multinational company and become multimillionaires. Although some might say that these people chose to follow a particular path that led them to their fame and fortune. Instead, it should be argued that even if these people were born poor, they were they were destined to create that company. They were given the drive to make that company into what it was. Anyone can choose to start a company, but few actually have the ability to make that company a success. Choice does not have anything to do with ability: I choose to be a billionaire but I do not have the bank account to be one. Predestination explains almost ninety percent of what happens in the world, from birth to death, and even pure luck.